Female Genital Mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a serious form of abuse, and a criminal offence in the UK. It involves procedures that intentionally alter or injure the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.

It can include partial or total removal, stitching, or other forms of harm. While it’s sometimes referred to as “female circumcision,” this term can downplay the severity of the practice. Many women and girls are more familiar with the phrase “being cut.” 

FGM is usually carried out on girls between infancy and age 15, often before puberty, or sometimes just before marriage or pregnancy. It’s most commonly performed outside the UK, often during extended family visits abroad. The procedure is extremely painful, medically unnecessary, and can lead to long-term physical and emotional harm. Some girls and women tragically die as a result—either from blood loss, infection, or complications during childbirth later in life.

Although FGM is often linked to cultural or traditional beliefs, it’s important to remember that no religion condones the practice. It’s a harmful tradition, not a religious requirement. In some communities, it may be seen as a rite of passage or a way to preserve family honour, but it is a violation of human rights and a form of child abuse.

In the UK, it is illegal to carry out FGM, to help arrange for it to be done, or to take someone abroad for the procedure—even if it’s legal in the country where it’s performed. This includes aiding, abetting, or encouraging someone else to do it.

It’s important to know the signs and take them seriously. For example, a child who’s been away on a long holiday and returns withdrawn or in pain, or who avoids physical activity, may be trying to cope with what’s happened. You might also hear references to a female relative being “cut,” or notice that a girl is struggling to sit comfortably or complains of pain between her legs. Sometimes, children may say something vague like “someone did something to me but I’m not allowed to talk about it.”

How do I respond well to abuse?

If you believe a girl is at immediate risk of FGM, call 999 straight away. If the risk is not immediate but still concerning, follow your organisation’s safeguarding procedures. This will include speaking to your Safeguarding Lead, or if that’s you, making a referral to Children’s Services. 

If you’re supporting a woman or girl who may be at risk, it’s vital to speak to her alone, without family or community members present. Use an independent interpreter if needed—never rely on a family member or someone from the same community, as this could increase the risk to her safety. 

There is a mandatory reporting duty for professionals in regulated health and social care roles, as well as teachers in England and Wales to report any direct disclosure from a child or physical signs of FGM in anyone under 18. This must be reported to the police. 

Finally, if you’re concerned about one girl, think about whether other female family members might also be at risk. Your role in the faith and community sector can be crucial in spotting early signs, offering support, and helping to keep girls and women safe from harm. 

It’s also worth being aware that FGM can sometimes be linked to other harmful practices. These might include things like forced marriage, honour-based abuse, or breast ironing. You might also come across terms like virginity testing, hymenoplasty, or abuse connected to spiritual beliefs, such as witchcraft or spirit possession. 

If you’re worried about one form of abuse, it’s a good idea to keep an eye out for others too. These issues often overlap and spotting one could be a sign that there are other risks present.